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P-N Junction — 3D Visualisation

Silicon atom
Donor ion (P⁺)
Acceptor ion (B⁻)
Free electron
Hole (vacancy)
External battery + wires
Electric field (red +, blue −)

When P-type and N-type semiconductors are brought together, majority carriers from each side diffuse across the junction. Electrons and holes near the boundary recombine, exposing fixed ions and creating a carrier-free depletion region...

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Energy Band Diagram — Equilibrium

Bias Voltage

P-N Junction (Si)
Bias0.00 V
Built-in V₀0.70 V
Depletion widthW₀
Current~0 A
StateEquilibrium